In studios we mostly use compressed fiberglass and a kind of dense Styrofoam. I don't know a cheap supplier for either.
My borther Aaron might now a place to get dense foam you can pour into your own forms for relatively cheap as they use it in the design world for sculpting.
NOTE: You're a little screwed in a car. Low frequences simply require a large mass to absorb them. This means weight. The foam and fiberglass, etc. do a good job with high mid to high frequenceies, but aren't going to do too much with low frequencies. That's like separated concrete walls, floated floors, etc.
enkievette might have some ideas on this. His dad was a speaker designer and has some experience in this world.